Diabetes - types, symptoms, causes, complications and treatments

Types of diabetesTwo main varieties of diabetes are distinguished which, although they belong to a group of endocrine diseases, still have differences.

First type of diabetes (Inzsd I type dependent on insulin, juvenile, inzsd))It is characterized by the fact that, for any reason, the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells (more than 80%), producing insulin. There is no hormone, but glucose comes to the body with food constantly. Blood sugar deviates. Diabetes of the first type is most often detected in childhood or adolescence. But for adults, it is not uncommon.

Second type diabetes (dependent on insulin, II II)Type II diabetes is more often diagnosed in people after 30 to 40 years. But the disease becomes younger. In 90% of cases in patients, an excess weight is observed. The body can still produce insulin, but the sensitivity of the cells to insulin is reduced (this is called resistance to insulin). A vicious circle occurs. The cells do not feel insulin, the body produces even more insulin to feed; cage. Glucose simply accumulates in blood and insulin increases appetite. One person eats, sugar jumps, insulin resistance intensifies.

PrediabetHere, the level of glucose goes beyond the reference values, but you cannot even speak of diabetes. The prediabet can become the basis of the development of type II diabetes, as well as diseases of the cardiovascular system.Gestational diabetes is characteristic during pregnancy. Most often found in the quarter II or III.In addition, the course of the disease differs in gravity: Light (I), Middle (II) and heavy (III).

Diabetes. SymptomsIf you are not used to giving blood for glucose once a year and you do not know the endocrinologist of the clinic in person, there are a number of symptoms that can tell you that it is time to contact a specialist. But we will make a reservation immediately, the signs of diabetes appear if an insulin deficiency is already going to a critical point. Therefore, for the moment, the most effective way to discover your sugar level is to give blood.

Diabetes of the first typeSymptoms of diabetes of the first type:constant and insatiable thirst;dry mouth;frequent urination;Apathy and fatigue; Insatiable hunger;Weight loss (on average 3 to 5 kg), not linked to a person's actions;Vision problems (imprecision of the image, as if everything was in the fog).

Second type diabetesThe symptoms of diabetes of the second type are similar to type I diabetes in certain parameters: it is thirst, hunger, dry mouth, fatigue, vision problems and the frequent desire of the toilet. But this guy has his own signs:numbness and tingling in the arms and legs;Healing of slow wounds and recurring infections.

The causes of diabetesAlas, scientists cannot name the exact causes of the development of diabetes in humans (in particular the first type). Bad ecology, an abundance of viral infections and inadequate functioning of the immune system are considered as a basis. Among the causes of the development of diabetes mellitus are generally distinguished:Hereditary predisposition. In addition, the risk reaches 10% if the father is sick of diabetes of the first type and 2. 5% if the mother. If both parents receive a diagnosis of type II diabetes, the child has the risk of this disease after 40 years increases to 65 to 70%;unbalanced food with an abundance of carbohydrates;Excess weight (90% of people with type II inzsd have it);lack of physical activity;stress on a continuous basis; Prediabet;Prolonged use of certain drugs (diuretic, hormonal, salicylates, cytostatics, etc. );Ethnicity (in children of the European race, the risk of developing diabetes of the 1st type);History of gestational diabetes;Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.

ComplicationsThis disease is insidious, and if you do not observe the instructions of the doctor, the complications of diabetes (chronic and acute) may appear, which endangers the work of the entire organism. Chronic complications are observed when a high sugar level lasts long enough.The following chronic complications can be distinguished:The fragility of blood vessels in the retinopathy (retinopathy) leads to a decrease in visual acuity, the early development of cataracts or causes blindness.With diabetes, periodontitis often occurs, causing a loss of teeth or problems with the heart. In addition, a variety of infectious diseases of the oral cavity are possible. It is necessary to observe hygiene well and regularly visit the dentist.Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of disability and mortality in diabetics. Pectoralis chest, myocardial infarction, stroke and others. The lack of observation of cholesterol and glucose, an increase in blood pressure contributes to the development of these complications. Nephropathy, or the destruction of blood vessels in the kidney, leads to the failure of the functioning or refusal of the kidneys. Hell control is required.Neuropathy (nerve damage). Most often, the risk of neuropathy is exposed to the legs. The walls of the vessels and nerve fibers are destroyed, the blood flow to the legs worsen. Signs of development of neuropathy are tingling, pain, goosebumps or loss of sensitivity. Patients, especially the elderly, generally do not attach the meaning to this, which is responsible for the development of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputation. Neuropathy can affect other bodily systems (erectile dysfunction, problems with gastrointestinal tract, genitarian system).Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis because the vessels become brittle, fragile and increase the risk of thrombus.There is often joint pain because diabetes leads to a decrease in the amount of synovial fluid.In addition, there is a high frequency of development of mental disorders.Acute complications, quickly developing, are generally interconnected with fluctuations in blood sugar. Low (hypoglycemia) and high (hyperglycemia) lead to crises. The hypoglycemia crisis (3, 9 mmol / L or lower) manifests itself as a crisis, and hyperglycemic attacks are dangerous for the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolary hyperosmolar hyperosmolar. These are emergency and threatening conditions, leading to convulsions, coma and fatal results.

Diabetes diagnosisThe diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In an ideal situation, a person must be aware of their level of glucose, especially after 45 years. But if it is at risk, the analysis must be carried out more often and you must do it earlier, so as not to miss the precious time.Diabetes is diagnosed in several ways:Analysis of glycated hemoglobin. The results of the analysis demonstrate the average level of glucose in the blood in the last 2 to 3 months. You can therefore retrace the dynamics;Glucose analysis in blood plasma (capillary or venous) on an empty stomach. The audit shows the position of the glucose at the moment;The gluczotolerant test is prescribed in doubtful cases. The test lasts long enough and includes a measurement of the glucose levels before and after having taken a glass of water with dissolved glucose in it;Urine analysis for the presence of glucose and / or acetone. A healthy person is not characterized by the presence of these elements in the urine.

TreatmentWhen treating diabetes sweet I, the main treatment of insulin is the main treatment of insulin, which should be administered each day to a prescribed dose calculated by the attending physician. You can use special insulin syringes, upheavals or insulin pumps, independently calculating the necessary dose of the deposited hormone. Under certain conditions, it is possible to prescribe drugs for diabetes that stimulate the body to develop their own insulin. In the diabetes of the first species, crusty insulin every day, because the passes are heavy with the development of a diabetic ketoacidosis, causing death. Daily insulin + appropriate nutrition + physical activity can provide a lifeless life.With type II diabetes, a doctor prescribes drug treatment designed to reduce sugar levels and normalize a person's condition. Sometimes this may be necessary for insulin substitution therapy, but it does not need to be received daily. The diet in diabetes is observed without fault, as well as an increase in physical activity, control of body weight.In the presence of pre-diabetes, the examination must be carried out once every six months or a year. It is also necessary to get rid of excess weight and switch to food nutrition.With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor the level of glucose in the blood and to follow the recommendations of the observer doctor. Most often after childbirth, blood sugar goes to normal. But there is a risk of developing a second type diabetes.

Forecasts and PreventionDiabetes mellitus is a serious endocrine disease that reduces the life of 5 to 10 years, and men die more often than women. Infectious and viral diseases are more severely tolerated. Complications in the context of pneumonia, the flu occurs 6 times more often, compared to statistics by people without diabetes in a history. In healthy people, compared to diabetics, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia are developing less often. But with diabetes, you can and must be fought. Competent management helps them avoid many problems and complications. Thus, 50 to 60% of cases of disease are stabilized and not progressed.The appropriate control and prevention of diabetes are:Regular verification of glucose;Special diet for diabetes;play sports in moderate mode;observation of blood pressure and cholesterol;Regular visit to the necessary specialists and in current statements;Take medication prescribed by a doctor.Diabetes is not entirely studied, but drugs and a conscious attitude towards their lives with this disease will help live for a long time and without complications.